Axis deviation 

Introduction : Lower limb mechanical axis deviations cover a spectrum of conditions affecting lower limb alignment. These deformities may be congenital, or they may result from traumas. Depending on the severity of the damage, quality of life may be reduced due to pain and/or a pathological gait. Each type of deformity is associated with a specific problem.


Types of deformity and their implications :

• Coronal plane :

• Genu varum (bow legs) : often associated with increased stress on the inner part of the knee.
• Genu valgum (knock knees) : can cause excessive stress on the outer part of the knee.

• Sagittal plane :

• Anterior or posterior deformities may affect balance and walking.

• Rotational deformities :

• Abnormal rotation of the lower limbs, either inwards or outwards, has an impact on gait and can lead to chronic pain syndromes.

A combination of these deformities can be present in the same individual; in this case, more complex therapeutic treatment is required.


Therapeutic approaches :

• Non-surgical : These methods aim to compensate the deformities without invasive intervention. They can include:

• Orthopaedic supports and splints : tailor-made to support and therefore reduce the impact of the deformity.
• Physiotherapy : sessions aimed at strengthening muscles, improving flexibility through targeted exercises.
• Lifestyle changes : changes in daily activities and different shoes to reduce pain and improve function.

• Surgical : When non-surgical options do not provide the desired improvement, or in cases of severe deformities, surgical interventions are considered.

• Osteotomy : realigning bones by cutting and repositioning the bone(s) causing the problem. This technique is often preferred for specific or targeted corrections.
• Arthroplasty (prosthesis) : joint replacement surgery, mainly considered for deformities where there is also advanced wear to the joint.

Conclusion : Lower limb mechanical axis deviations are a complex spectrum of conditions that can significantly impair mobility, function, and quality of life. A thorough understanding of the different deformities and treatment options available is essential for optimal management. Multidisciplinary collaboration between physiotherapists, orthopaedic surgeons and other specialists is crucial for developing a personalised treatment plan.


To learn more about axis deviation treatment: Link to - Axis Correction